However, before Latin suffixes that are not freely attachable to English words, the u.For instance, some spellings seen as American today were once commonly used in Britain, and some spellings seen as British were once commonly used in the United States.However, English-language spelling reform has rarely been adopted otherwise.As a result, modern English orthography varies only minimally between countries and is far from phonemic in any country.
These differences became noticeable after the publishing of influential dictionaries. Todays British English spellings mostly follow Johnsons A Dictionary of the English Language (1755), while many American English spellings follow Websters An American Dictionary of the English Language (ADEL, Websters Dictionary, 1828). In A Companion to the American Revolution (2008), John Algeo notes: it is often assumed that characteristically American spellings were invented by Noah Webster. He was very influential in popularizing certain spellings in America, but he did not originate them. Rather he chose already existing options such as center, color and check for the simplicity, analogy or etymology. William Shakespeare s first folios, for example, used spellings such as center and color as much as centre and colour. Webster did attempt to introduce some reformed spellings, as did the Simplified Spelling Board in the early 20th century, but most were not adopted. In Britain, the influence of those who preferred the Norman (or Anglo-French ) spellings of words proved to be decisive. ![]() In Canada, the spelling system can be said to follow both British and American forms, 6 and Canadians are somewhat more tolerant of foreign spellings when compared with other English-speaking nationalities. Australian spelling mostly follows British spelling norms but has strayed slightly, with very few American spellings incorporated as standard. New Zealand spelling is almost identical to British spelling, except in the word fiord (instead of fjord ). There is an increasing use of macrons in words that originated in Mori and an unambiguous preference for -ise endings (see below). Wherever the vowel is unreduced in pronunciation, e.g., contour, velour, paramour and troubadour the spelling is uniform everywhere. They were first adopted into English from early Old French, and the ending was spelled -our, -or or -ur. After the Norman conquest of England, the ending became -our to match the later Old French spelling. The -our ending was used not only in new English borrowings, but was also applied to the earlier borrowings that had used -or. However, -or was still sometimes found. The first three folios of Shakespeare s plays used both spellings before they were standardised to -our in the Fourth Folio of 1685. After the Renaissance, new borrowings from Latin were taken up with their original -or ending, and many words once ending in -our (for example, chancellour and governour ) reverted to -or. Many words of the -ouror group do not have a Latin counterpart that ends in -or; for example, armo(u)r, behavio(u)r, harbo(u)r, neighbo(u)r; also arbo(u)r, meaning shelter, though senses tree and tool are always arbor, a false cognate of the other word. Some 16th- and early 17th-century British scholars indeed insisted that -or be used for words from Latin (e.g., color ) 11 and -our for French loans; but in many cases the etymology was not clear, and therefore some scholars advocated -or only and others -our only. By contrast, Johnsons 1755 (pre-U.S. Britain (like colour ), but also for words where the u has since been dropped: ambassadour, emperour, governour, perturbatour, inferiour, superiour; errour, horrour, mirrour, tenour, terrour, tremour. Johnson, unlike Webster, was not an advocate of spelling reform, but chose the spelling best derived, as he saw it, from among the variations in his sources. He preferred French over Latin spellings because, as he put it, the French generally supplied us. English speakers who moved to America took these preferences with them. In the early 20th century, H. L. Mencken notes that honor appears in the 1776 Declaration of Independence, but it seems to have been put there rather by accident than by design. In Jefferson s original draft it is spelled honour. Donload onepiece 3gpIn Britain, examples of color, flavor, behavior, harbor, and neighbor rarely appear in Old Bailey court records from the 17th and 18th centuries, whereas there are thousands of examples of their -our counterparts. Ipos 4 server license keyOne notable exception is honor. Honor and honour were equally frequent in Britain until the 17th century; 16 honor only exists in the UK now as the spelling of Honor Oak, a district of London and the occasional given name Honor. The u is kept before English suffixes that are freely attachable to English words (for example in neighbourhood, humourless, and savoury ) and suffixes of Greek or Latin origin that have been adopted into English (for example in favourite, honourable, and behaviourism ).
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